29mammals

A high-resolution map of evolutionary constraint in the human genome based on 29 eutherian mammals

All tracks can be loaded into the hg18 genome browser: 29mammals custom tracks or the individual tracks can be loaded separately in the list below:

Constrained Elements

Summary:  Lists of constrained elements.

For each 12-mer in the human genome a measure of constraint was
scored using SiPhy (see reference below), both as a rate-based
score (omega), and a measure that includes biased substitution
patterns (pi).  Those falling in annotated Ancestral Repeats
were used as a background.  An empirical cutoff score was set
corresponding to 10% FDR, and all 12-mers above this score were
considered significant.  Overlapping significant 12-mers were
clustered to yield larger elements.

There are four tracks in this set:
Constraint Elements pi lods score, data: mean: 7.214417, min: 1.711200, max: 16.237301, std: 1.364699
Constraint Elements pi branch length score, data: mean: 4.173642, min: -0.049714, max: 7.351400, std: 0.755658
Constraint Elements omega lods score, data: mean: 7.667489, min: 1.676100, max: 16.680599, std: 1.378213
Constraint Elements omega branch length score, data: mean: 4.255876, min: 0.301830, max: 7.376400, std: 0.731477

Data provided by Or Zuk at broad.mit.edu and Manuel Garber at broadinstitute.org

Garber, M. et al. Identifying novel constrained elements by exploiting biased substitution patterns
Bioinformatics 25, i54-62, doi:btp190 [pii] 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp190 (2009)

Base Level Measure of Constraint

Summary:  Base-level measure of constraint scored using SiPhy (see reference above), 
both as a rate-based score (omega) and a measure that includes biased substitution patterns (pi).

Data Not Available on UCSC Genome Browser.

Contact: Manuel Garber <mgarber@broadinstitute.org>

Novel Exons

Summary: A list of identified novel conserved exons.

Exons were identified using a version of CONGO (previously developed for
the Drosophila genomes, see reference below) enhanced to handle mammalian
exon prediction.  The enhancements include a semi-Markov feature to model
the short length distribution of mammalian exons, a synteny feature for
recognizing duplicated regions, and an alternative training function to improve
accuracy when performing an unbalanced prediction task
(only ~1.5% of the human genome is protein-coding)

Data provided by Mike Lin at mit.edu

Lin, M. F. et al.
Revisiting the protein-coding gene catalog of Drosophila melanogaster using 12 fly genomes
Genome Res 17, 1823-1836, doi:gr.6679507 [pii] 10.1101/gr.6679507 (2007).

RNA structures

Summary: The list of candidate predictions for structural RNA families. EvoFold structural predictions 
were based on a 31-way subset of the genome-wide 44-way multiZ alignment (consisting of 28 of the 29 
eutherian mammals, together with opossum, chicken, and tetraodon as outgroups) and clustered into 
candidate families using the novel EvoFam algorithm.  This data, as well as the complete set of 
structure predictions from the EvoFold screen can be downloaded in bulk or browsed through a 
UCSC Genome Mirror from the following web site:  http://moma.ki.au.dk/~jsp/mammals/. 

In addition, individual families are listed and annotated in the following reference and its supplement.

Contacts: Brian Parker bparker@binf.ku.dk, Stefan Washietl <wash@csail.mit.edu>

Reference: Parker, B. J. et al. New families of human regulatory RNA structures identified by comparative analysis of vertebrate genomes. Genome Research (2011)

Identified Regulatory Motifs

Summary:  A list of instances of identified regulatory motifs.

A motif catalog was built from TRANSFAC, Jaspar, and Protein
Binding Microarrays using a method similar to that described in
the reference below, with extensions for position frequency matricies.
Motif instances were identified genome-wide using a FDR of 60%.

Data provided by Pouya Kheradpour at mit.edu

Kheradpour, P., Stark, A., Roy, S. & Kellis, M.
Reliable prediction of regulator targets using 12 Drosophila genomes
Genome Res 17, 1919-1931, doi:gr.7090407 [pii] 10.1101/gr.7090407 (2007).

Human and Primate Accelerated Regions

Summary:  Lists of human accelerated regions (HARs) and primate accelerated regions (PARs).

Regions with accelerated substitution rates in either lineage were
identified by first defining candidate elements using the phastCons
program (not including the lineage of interest) and then scoring those
elements for accelerated substitution rates in the
subtree (human or primate) of interest.

Data provided by Katherine Pollard at ucsf.edu

Excess constraint regions

Summary: Identified coding regions with a very low synonymous substitution 
rate Ð indicating additional sequence constraints beyond the amino acid level.   
The Synonymous Constraint Elements (SCEs) are defined at three different 
resolutions (9-, 15-, and 30-codon). There is also a bedGraph track for 
the local estimate of the synonymous substitution rate (lambda_s).  
Also available at: http://compbio.mit.edu/SCE/

Contact: Mike Lin <mikelin@mit.edu>

Positively selected codons

Summary: Main data files and backing data for the analysis identifying 
positively selected codons.  This data and updates are available for 
download from here:  http://www.ebi.ac.uk/~greg/mammals/

Contact: Gregory Jordan <greg@ebi.ac.uk>

Exaptations of Mobile Elements

Summary: List of exapted elements identified as described in the reference mentioned below.

Data provided by Craig Lowe at stanford.edu

Lowe, C. B. & Haussler, D. 29 mammalian genomes reveal novel
exaptations of mobile elements for likely regulatory functions
in the human genome. In preparation (2011).

Constraint Structure in Promoters

Summary:  A list of local maxima identified from the smoothed pi-scores in the core promoters of genes.

Data provided by Evan Mauceli at broadinstitute.org